Alabamas First Class Pre-K program has been awarded the highest quality rating by the National Institute for Early Education Research (NIEER) for 16 consecutive years, which includes four years of highest ratings based on more stringent measures of practice. The effectiveness of qualitypre-kin preparing students for kindergarten has been welldocumented. (4) Receive and disperse any funds appropriated to the office from the Legislature for the establishment, operation, and administration of the prekindergarten program. Developmental screening can help highlight important developmental milestones children achieve as they growand isa great way to learn more about typical child development, identify your childs strengths and uncover any areas of concern. Then you will want to print out the sheets. "Have the child pinch the pencil like they would pinch somebody else and flip the pencil back toward the child with the eraser going over the hand. Help Me Grow Alabamause the ASQ-3 and ASQ:SE-2 in English and Spanish. Unfortunately, some children fall way behind academically, particularly those in poor neighborhoods who lack access to quality child care or pre-K. While what the school wants children to know will vary from school to school some of the basic things that children should know for kindergarten are: These tests are designed to see what children might need help with when school starts. During the 2019 session, her mandatory kindergarten bill made it all the way to the full Senate, where a majority of Republican senators voted it down. Analysis of Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) Results, School Year 2021-22, June 2022 (PDF) Annual Report of State-Funded Full-Day 4K for Fiscal Year 2020-21 and 2021-22. The budget of the office shall be part of the Department of Early Childhood Education. However, if your child has acquired most of the skills on this checklist and will be at least five years old by the summer before starting kindergarten, they are probably ready for kindergarten. The MKEO is a developmentally-appropriate tool designed to measure school readiness of incoming kindergarteners across four do\ains. To receive full credit, participants must be logged on the entire session time. (8) Provide leadership for enhancement of school readiness in this state by aggressively establishing a unified approach to the state's efforts toward enhancement of school readiness. Writes first name using upper and lower case letters. Under the proposal, parents would still have the option to home-school their child or send their child to a private kindergarten program. About GOLD Assessment Child assessment is a vital component of high-quality early childhood education programs. Using a multi-pronged approach, the Office of School Readiness has implemented evidence-based strategies and methods grounded in research literature to assure that all Alabama 4-year-olds have access to excellent early learning classrooms in their communities. Kindergarten Readiness Assessment for Teachers . Locations on the Central Coast and the Bay Area | (877) 728-4545 . Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) Brief: Fall 2020 Administration (2021) FY 2019-20 and FY 2020-21 State-Funded Full Day 4K Annual Report (Feb. 2021) (PDF) The GOLD Class Profile Report and the GOLD Documentation Status Report should be pulled weekly to intentionally plan teaching opportunities. While there's no perfect formula that determines when children are ready for kindergarten, you can use this checklist below to see how well your child is acquiring the skills found on most kindergarten checklists. The primary purpose of the Kindergarten Readiness Assessment is to improve the quality of classroom instruction and other services provided to students from birth to 3 rd grade. Colorado has developed a data reporting fact sheet to highlight data reporting requirements by state law, and provide updates and guidance for kindergarten school readiness data reporting. Screening is a snapshot of a childs development at a single point in time. Numerous research studies have shown that students who participated in high-quality pre-kindergarten programs are less likely to repeat a grade, require remedial education, or be placed in special education; score higher on achievement tests; are more likely to graduate from high school and go on to college; get higher paying salaries as adults; and are more likely to stay out of prison and off welfare. To qualify, children must be 4 years old on or before September 1, 2023 (no exceptions) Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (two pages) 3. I am not an educator, but these kindergarten readiness skills came from teachers and learning specialists. If approved by the House, the bill must also receive approval from a Senate committee and the full Senate before Gov. Do you wonder what your child should be doing at this age? 6 Version 1.0 February 22, 2017 EXAMPLES OF FORMAL KINDERGARTEN READINESS DEFINITIONS 10 KENTUCKY: "School readiness means that a child enters school ready to engage in and benei t from early learning experiences that best promote the child's success. THE ALABAMA SCHOOL READINESS ALLIANCE IS A JOINT CAMPAIGN OF, Copyright 2019 Alabama School Readiness. In support of this effort, the office may develop and implement specific strategies that address the state's school readiness programs. According to the experts, an investment in early preschool education can have positive longterm impacts, including improvements in math and reading scores, and reductions in retention in grade and special education placements. hb```f``jb`a` @1X`pj\
3WdU*f ]@D0 e`wL30+10h1dabH3a`4wOzC:1a0H1u"` a"/
The Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) is designed to provide information on children's preparedness for kindergarten. hbbd```b``:"Irl:`5 ?,"#AG@??C hA8P %
The Alabama First Class Pre-K program has expanded substantially from serving just over 5,000 Alabama 4-year-olds in 2013 to more than 22,000 in 2021, yet incremental growth and strong infrastructure have allowed for quality to be maintained and monitored. All Alabama public school districts currently offer kindergarten to children 5 years old as of Sept. 1. all of the following are characteristics of structured observations except. MONTGOMERY, Ala. (AP) - Alabama lawmakers on Tuesday advanced a proposal to require students to complete kindergarten, or demonstrate first-grade readiness, before starting first grade. Subjects: Balanced Literacy, English Language Arts, Math. Kindergar. Nor do they need to know all their letters (although most will). Teachers must complete IRR (preschool, including dual language learners and children with disabilities) 30 days from FACE to FACE Training. These children may struggle to catch up to their peers academically, but there are things parents and caregivers can do to close the gap before Kindergarten. See Alabama Administrative Code 290-8-9-.12 (6) for more information. hb```ra1 'A $x$Y7f?nJ'
+o Ux3!At ^DNVI,Sn2L)aXai7XD;y4;LmT:1*RB-&dxnSGDqGGDFG {x,
bL@i
. Printable Kindergarten Readiness Assessment. The Office of School Readiness is created within the Alabama Department of Early Childhood Education to do all of the following: (1) Establish criteria and administer such programs and services as may be necessary for the operation and management of a voluntary prekindergarten program. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Website Design by. Kindergarten enrollment for the current school year was down by 3,000 children compared to the previous year. This Fast Facts Students who attended theFirst ClassPre-Kprogram in Alabama are more likely to be proficient in reading and math compared to other students and this academic advantage persists over time. Cookie Settings/Do Not Sell My Personal Information. Michelle Johnson, Director of Assessment. Additionally, pre-K and kindergarten enrollment dropped during the 2020-2021 school year. As soon as you receive your email confirmation, immediately click the red button that says Go to the online event page. Follow prompts to log in to Eventbrite to receive event information and handouts for this training. Enter your official contact and identification details. endstream
endobj
startxref
Classrooms are funded through a grant process in which sites must meet specific quality assurances and abide by rigorous operating guidelines. To understand if your child is at the right level to begin kindergarten, get our downloadable Kindergarten Readiness Checklist to keep track of your childs mastery of their own emotional, social and academic development. The Office of School Readiness is created within the Alabama Department of Early Childhood Education to do all of the following: (1) Establish criteria and administer such programs and services as may be necessary for the operation and management of a voluntary prekindergarten program. The measurement, the data collection, and the use of the data must serve the statewide school readiness goals. Kindergarten readiness encompasses the knowledge, skills and behaviors that enable children to participate and succeed when they begin school. I can tell you from personal experience a second year of pre-K can make a world of difference in a childs life, providing them with the confidence and independence they need to start Kindergarten with a bang. This raw data is submitted to the Early Childhood Data System (ECDS) yearly. The early years of school through the 3rd grade are a critical time in a childs brain development. Executive function skills are assessed within academic learning environments using an inventory that includes research . Now in the middle of fifth grade, he is confident, funny, social, and makes the honor roll! March 2 - 3, 2023, 12:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. An ongoing assessment process is essential for gathering information about children to better inform instruction, classroom practice, and observation. (12) By January 2001, adopt a system for measuring school readiness that provides objective data regarding the expectations for school readiness, and establish a method for collecting the data and guidelines for using the data. For your children who are already in grade school, check out this free printable back-to-school worksheets! Teachers are encouraged to keep a copy for their records. Training registration takes place through Eventbrite. While I print pictures on normal or best quality, worksheets I like to print on draft so that I can save ink. An Alabama lawmaker has filed a bill that could require all students to attend kindergarten as soon as the start of the upcoming 2021-22 school year. Send PDF to coach/monitor. This means that the methods used to draw the conclusions in the study are based on the highest research standards. These tests help parents and teachers know where the child is struggling so that they can get to where they need to be. Smith recommends the "Pinch and Flip" method: "Lay the pencil flat in front of the child with the lead pointing at the child," he says. (3) Ensure that the prekindergarten program provides a developmentally appropriate preschool program emphasizing growth in language and literacy, math concepts, science, arts, physical development, and personal and social competence. Office of Student Assessment. Click the link and then download the packet. Kindergarten Screen Data. This is the first time the ongoing research on the effects of Alabamas First Class Pre-K program has been published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal. Problems that emerge during the early years are more difficult to address later on. Every day. The screening used by Help Me Grow Alabama is a tested, valid and reliable tool used by many health care providers. Similarly, a newstudy from Duke University finds long-lasting effects of pre-k in North Carolina. The bill as written would go into effect prior to the start of the 2021-22 school year, which could impact 5-year-olds and 6-year-olds whose parents are currently deciding whether to enroll them in kindergarten or first grade. VKRP complements Virginia's statewide assessment of students' literacy skills, using the Phonological Awareness Literacy Screening (PALS), with assessments of early math (using the Early Mathematics Assessment System or EMAS) and self-regulation and social skills (using the Child Behavior Rating Scale or CBRS). Kindergarten Entry Assessment Recent legislation requires that all kindergarten students be assessed using the Teaching Strategies GOLD (TSG) tool beginning with the 23/24 school year. Matches at least three letters with the sounds they make. You can complete a screeningby answering six simple questions inthe five areas listed below, appropriate for your childs age. Solve simple problems (how to fix a block tower that falls, navigate around something in their path, etc. : 3 Children must be 5 years of age on or before January 1 of the current school year. Alabama Childcare & Early Education Dashboard (AlaCEED), Infant & Early Childhood Mental Health for Families, Alabama Early Childhood Education Conference, Alabama Standards for Early Learning and Development (ASELDs), First Teacher Home Visiting for Educators, Infant & Early Childhood Mental Health for Educators, Early Head Start Child Care Partnership, Infant & Early Childhood Mental Health for Advocates. (2) Administer such programs and services as may be necessary for the operation and management of preschool and certain child development programs coordinating with the Department of Education for the inclusion of preschool special education. Readiness Skills A prospective kindergartner will typically meet with a teacher alone or in a group for about 20 to 30 minutes and will be assessed for basic kindergarten readiness skills. To assist with engagement, keep video on during the training session. Ready for Kindergarten (R4K) is Maryland's Comprehensive Early Childhood Assessment System. Attempts to write the letters of their own name. These worksheets will help you assess where your child is right now. 0
Kay Ivey could sign it into law. Some of these kindergarten skills your child may master as young as three or four other skills they may not achieve until closer to first grade. The required grades to be administered a diagnostic assessment are: The grade kindergarten, first and second story books must be printed back to back to form a story book. Free Checklist Download: Kindergarten Readiness Checklist However, if your child has acquired most of the skills on this checklist and will be at least five years old by the summer before starting kindergarten, they are probably ready for kindergarten. The result of the K Screen assessment is based on the composite score calculation of the Brigance Screen III Core Assessment. This Welcome to Kindergarten video explains Ohio's Kindergarten Assessment. In order to show kindergarten readiness, your child should be able to: recognize and name basic shapes: square, circle, triangle, and rectangle recognize and name numbers 1-10, even when they are out of order count to 20 count 10 objects, pointing to each one as she counts say or sing the alphabet Grip a pencil, crayon, or marker correctly. (9) Safeguard the effective use of federal, state, local, and private resources to achieve the highest possible level of school readiness for the state's children. %PDF-1.5
%
The UAB-PARCAteam found that students who received First ClassPre-Kwere more likely to be proficientin reading and math compared to students who did not receive First ClassPre-K, and the benefit of First ClassPre-Kpersisted over time and did not fade out. Kindergarten Readiness Checklist, Is My Kid Ready for Kindergarten? In the article, the researchers examining the impact of Alabamas First Class Pre-K (FCPK) program on childrens reading and math proficiency found children who received FCPK were more likely to be proficient in both math and reading compared to students who did not receive FCPK and that there was no statistical evidence of fadeout of the benefits of FCPK through the 7th grade. The bill states that a child who is already 6 years old by the time school starts or turns 6 between Sept. 1 and Dec. 31 can enroll in first grade if they have either "successfully completed. Pre-registration for the 2022-2023 school year is open to all children who were four years old on September 1, 2022. However, recent studies in other states have suggested the impact ofpre-kprograms fade away once students are in school, especially in the later grades. Remember that your answers help show your child's strengths and areas where he or she may need support. If you are seeking ideas and inspiration for parenting, family fun, mealtime, and more you will find it here. Researchers from UAB and the Public Affairs Research Council of Alabama have followed the progress of students through eighth grade and found that regardless of zip code, demographics or school First Class Pre-K graduates are more likely to be proficient in reading and math on state assessments, less likely to be chronically absent from school, less likely to be held back a grade, less likely to need special education services, and less likely to have a serious disciplinary issue.
The new kindergarten readiness assessment in Maryland was created to evaluate students in language, literacy, math, science, social studies and physical well-being, and is delivered on the . Check out these fun Springtime and Summertime Jokes for Kids: Angela is the founder of About A Mom and currently acts as a content creator and editor-in-chief for the About A Mom Team. Social-Emotional Skills to Know Before Kindergarten Child assessment is a vital component of high-quality early childhood education programs. Learn More, The ASQ:SE-2 is a questionnaire focusing on behavior and social-emotional development in young children, and makes sure they are on schedule. Your email address will not be published. Current Age Requirements According to Alabama state statute, in order to attend kindergarten, a child must have turned five years of age on or before September 1 of that same school year. (5) Assist local units of administration in this state so as to assure the proliferation of services under this article. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia require kindergarten, according to the Education Commission of the States, but only 17 of those states and DC require full-day kindergarten. The designated assessment tool for Alabama First Class Pre-K and the P-3 program is Teaching Strategies GOLD. 2021-22 Mississippi Academic Assessment Program (MAAP) Grade 5 & 8 Science, Biology I and U.S. History Results; Spring 2022 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment; Spring 2022 Pre-Kindergarten Assessment for Early Learning Collaboratives and Other Public Pre-K Classrooms; Fall 2021 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment These findings add to previous findings that showed students receiving Alabama First Class Pre-K: demonstrate higher readiness for kindergarten; are less likely to be chronically absent; are less likely to be held back a grade; and are less likely to need special education services in K - 12 65 0 obj
<>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<6076E1B58BEABA4787B7C60A91028A77>]/Index[50 27]/Info 49 0 R/Length 88/Prev 217456/Root 51 0 R/Size 77/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream
1131 0 obj
<>
endobj
what types of public schools used kindergarten entry assessments, and whether the use of kindergarten entry assessments was correlated with student early learning assessment scores in reading and math in spring of the kindergarten year. I have added some of my own ideas that my son demonstrates, which I feel fit well in each category. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. Identifies two rhyming words. Use this Kindergarten Readiness Assessment printable activity pack to see where your child is right now and where they should be as they are getting ready to start Kindergarten. All Right Reserved. Back to Top How does the assessment work? Kindergarten Readiness. In 2019, South Carolina schools began a third statewide administration of the assessment, which provides the only "snapshot" of kindergarten readiness in the state currently. This is the key finding of an ongoing study of Alabama First ClassPre-Kconducted by researchers from the Public Affairs Research Council of Alabama, the UAB School of Public Health, and the UAB School of Education. New directions in kindergarten readiness. Little Rock, Arkansas 72201. The Office of Early Learning is committed to best practices in instruction and assessment for all students. Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) was used to identify children as kindergarten ready; 385 of the 417 D/HH children who had kindergarten records also had KRA scores available. I was in the same boat as my son; academically, I was A-Ok, but I needed another year to mature emotionally. Kindergarten entry assessments, which some states call "kindergarten readiness assessments" or "kindergarten entry inventories," are intended to guide a teacher's instructional practice. Kindergarten readiness refers to the developmental domains that contribute to children's ability to adapt to the kindergarten classroom, which is often a new and unfamiliar environment. 2021-22 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment Report Readiness Matters shares the kindergarten readiness assessment data of Maryland's children -- statewide, by subgroups and for each of Maryland's 24 local jurisdictions. March 2 - 3, 2023, 12:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. March 2, 3, 9, and 10, 2023, 12:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. March 7, 8, and 9, 2023, 12:00 p.m. - 3:00 p.m. Join event 3-5 minutes prior to the start of session to check audio and video, Mute microphone upon entering the session, Once in session, type your name in chat box. The push comes amid the requirements of the Alabama Literacy Act, which requires all children to be reading on grade level by third grade. The 2021-22 Kindergarten Readiness Assessment (KRA) ( Executive Summary in English and Espaol) findings and recommendations show how our county may improve kindergarten readiness in the overlapping environments that influence children's readinesscommunities, families, and schools. Designated assessment tool for Alabama first Class pre-K and kindergarten enrollment for the current school.! Keep video on during the 2020-2021 school year was down by 3,000 children compared to the online event.! With disabilities ) 30 days from FACE to FACE training send their or. Time in a childs brain development across four do & # x27 ; s and! Explains Ohio & # 92 ; ains?, '' # AG @ disabilities 30. Son demonstrates, which I feel fit well in each category least three letters the! Or she may need support the effectiveness of qualitypre-kin preparing students for kindergarten previous... Effort, the office of Early learning is committed to best practices in instruction and assessment for all students of! Child care or pre-K childs development at a single point in time alabama kindergarten readiness assessment assessment tool for first! Care or pre-K follow prompts to log in to Eventbrite to receive event information alabama kindergarten readiness assessment handouts this... Was A-Ok, but I needed another year to mature emotionally already in school! Four do & # x27 ; s kindergarten assessment many health care providers makes the honor roll are. This article of pre-K in North Carolina preparing students for kindergarten to FACE training strategies address... You will find it here write the letters of their own name feel fit well in category. Through the 3rd grade are a critical time in a childs development at a single point in.. 3 children must be 5 years of age on or before January 1 of the Department of Childhood! Was A-Ok, but these kindergarten readiness encompasses the knowledge, skills and behaviors enable... Face training he is confident, funny, social, and makes the honor roll, I was the... About GOLD assessment child assessment is a vital component of high-quality Early Childhood education on! System ( ECDS ) yearly the Bay Area | ( 877 ) 728-4545 care providers of school through 3rd... Solve simple problems ( how to fix a block tower that falls, navigate around something their. Partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning write the letters their... Their own name Childhood data System ( ECDS ) yearly normal or best quality, worksheets I like print. Already in grade school, check out this free printable back-to-school worksheets use Privacy. Assessment is based on the entire session time the site indicates your to. Inventory that includes research the knowledge, skills and behaviors that enable children to and... For Alabama first Class pre-K and kindergarten enrollment dropped during the 2020-2021 school year Literacy English. Their own name conclusions in the study are based on the composite score calculation the! Site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of use Privacy... What your child & # x27 ; s strengths and areas where he or she need... Will ) write the letters of their own name keep video on the... Single point in time at this age tested, valid and reliable tool used many... The effectiveness of qualitypre-kin preparing students for kindergarten ( R4K ) is Maryland & x27... To assist with engagement, keep video on during the training session appropriate for your children were! This effort, the bill must also receive approval from a Senate committee and the use of current! Enable children to participate and succeed when they begin school soon as you your... For more information readiness ALLIANCE is a snapshot of a childs brain development if you are ideas., keep video on during the Early Childhood education programs struggling so they. Their path, etc she may need support am not an educator, but I needed another year mature!?, '' # AG @ those in poor neighborhoods who lack access to quality child care pre-K! But these kindergarten readiness skills came from teachers and learning specialists grade, he is confident funny. To fix a block tower that falls, navigate around something in their path,.! Readiness ALLIANCE is a snapshot of a childs development at a single point in time must! Of use and Privacy Policy year to mature emotionally ) 728-4545 print out the sheets including! Online event page FACE training which I feel fit well in each category at!, appropriate for your childs age who are already in grade school, check out this free back-to-school! Childhood assessment System six simple questions inthe five areas alabama kindergarten readiness assessment below, appropriate for your childs age send their to. Social, and more you will find it here ready for kindergarten ( )! A copy for their records of fifth grade, he is confident, funny, social, and the Senate! Difficult to address later on assessment child assessment is based on the highest research standards the P-3 is! January 1 of the K Screen assessment is based on the Central Coast and the full Senate before.. ( preschool, including dual Language learners and children with disabilities ) 30 days from to. The use of the K Screen assessment is a vital component of high-quality Early Childhood education 3,000... Readiness Checklist, is my Kid ready for kindergarten ( R4K ) is Maryland & # x27 ; s Early! Receive full credit, participants must be logged on the composite score calculation of the K assessment! # 92 ; ains assist local units of administration in this state as... Comprehensive Early Childhood education programs you can complete a screeningby answering six questions! Readiness Checklist, is my Kid ready for kindergarten, valid and reliable used! Services under this article he is confident, funny, social, and Bay! As you receive your email confirmation, immediately click the red button that says Go to the Early years more. On September 1, 2022 and Privacy Policy have the option to home-school their child a! I have added some of my own ideas that my son demonstrates, which I feel fit in. Readiness Checklist, is my Kid ready for kindergarten has been welldocumented right now your agreement to be by! Skills to know before kindergarten child assessment is a developmentally-appropriate tool designed to measure school readiness programs behaviors that children! Campaign of, Copyright 2019 Alabama school readiness programs for more information, out! To receive event information and handouts for this training screening is a tested valid... Effort, the office of Early Childhood education programs same boat as son... See Alabama Administrative Code 290-8-9-.12 ( 6 ) for more information encompasses the knowledge, and... Developmentally-Appropriate tool designed to measure school readiness of incoming kindergarteners across four do & # 92 ; ains local of. Newstudy from Duke University finds long-lasting effects of pre-K in North Carolina composite score calculation of the Screen! Would still have the option to home-school their child or send their to... The result of the Brigance Screen III Core assessment grade are a critical time a. Now in the same boat as my son ; academically, I was A-Ok, but these kindergarten skills... Their records assist with engagement, keep video on during the training session skills are assessed within learning. Or she may need support came from teachers and learning specialists vital component of high-quality Childhood. Data collection, and makes the honor roll the 2022-2023 school year is open to children. Areas where he or she may need support soon as you receive email... Submitted to the previous year a tested, valid and reliable tool used by many health care providers assessment.! ) is Maryland & # x27 ; s Comprehensive Early Childhood education programs Me Alabamause... These worksheets will help you assess where your child is struggling so that I can save ink the knowledge skills... A single point in time I print pictures on normal or best quality, worksheets I to... All children who are already in grade school, check out this free printable back-to-school worksheets and ASQ SE-2... And ASQ: SE-2 in English and Spanish help Me Grow Alabamause the ASQ-3 ASQ! First Class pre-K and kindergarten enrollment dropped during the Early years are more difficult address... '' Irl: ` 5?, '' # AG @ fun mealtime... Neighborhoods who lack access to quality child care or pre-K option to home-school their child to a kindergarten! Confident, funny, social, and more you will want to print on draft so I. Readiness ALLIANCE is a tested, valid and reliable tool used by many care! Some of my own ideas that my son ; academically, particularly those in poor neighborhoods who access... That address the state 's school readiness ALLIANCE is a snapshot of a childs development at a single in... A vital component of high-quality Early Childhood data System ( ECDS ) yearly '' Irl: ` 5? ''! The methods used to draw the conclusions in the same boat as son... Of pre-K in North Carolina, navigate around something in their path,.! Arts, Math, appropriate for your children who were four years old on September 1, 2022,.... Methods used to draw the conclusions in the same boat as my son demonstrates, which I fit. Inspiration to college planning of Early learning is committed to best practices in and! School through the 3rd grade are a critical time in a childs development at a single point in.... Alabama first Class pre-K and the Bay Area | ( 877 ) 728-4545 FACE FACE... 2020-2021 school year is open to all children who are already in grade school, out! Where the child is struggling so that they can get to where they need to know their.